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The Active Denial System (ADS) is a non-lethal, directed-energy weapon developed by the U.S. military, designed for area denial, perimeter security and crowd control. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=DVIDS - News - New Marine Corps non-lethal weapon heats things up )〕 Informally, the weapon is also called the heat ray〔(Ray gun, sci-fi staple, meets reality ). Boston Globe, September 24, 2004.〕 since it works by heating the surface of targets, such as the skin of targeted human subjects. Raytheon is currently marketing a reduced-range version of this technology.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.raytheon.com/products/silent_guardian )〕 The ADS was deployed in 2010 with the United States military in the Afghanistan War, but was withdrawn without seeing combat.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/10646540 )〕 On August 20, 2010, the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department announced its intent to use this technology on prisoners in the Pitchess Detention Center in Los Angeles, stating its intent to use it in "operational evaluation" in situations such as breaking up prisoner fights.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://sheriff.lacounty.gov/wps/portal/lasd/media/detail/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/lasd+content/lasd+site/home/home+top+stories/aid+unvealed )〕 The ADS is currently only a vehicle-mounted weapon, though U.S. Marines and police are both working on portable versions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=US police could get 'pain beam' weapons )〕 ADS was developed under the sponsorship of the DoD Non-Lethal Weapons Program with the Air Force Research Laboratory as the lead agency.〔() 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Non-Lethal Weapons Program )〕 There are reports that Russia〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Why Russia Will Be the First to Use the Pain Ray )〕 and China are developing their own versions of the Active Denial System.〔(China's New Long-Range Weapon Causes Non-Lethal Pain From Afar ) - Popsci.com, 8 December 2014〕 ==Effects== The ADS works by firing a high-powered beam of 95 GHz waves at a target, which corresponds to a wavelength of 3.2 mm. The ADS millimeter wave energy works on a similar principle as a microwave oven, exciting the water and fat molecules in the skin, and instantly heating them via dielectric heating. One significant difference is that a microwave oven uses the much lower frequency (and longer wavelength) of 2.45 GHz. The short millimeter waves used in ADS only penetrate the top layers of skin, with most of the energy being absorbed within 0.4 mm (1/64"),〔() 〕 whereas microwaves will penetrate into human tissue about 17 mm (0.67").〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Microwave and RF Product Applications )〕 The ADSʼs repel effect in humans occurs at slightly higher than 44 °C (111 °F), though first-degree burns occur at about 51 °C (124 °F), and second-degree burns occur at about 58 °C (136 °F).〔() 〕 In testing, pea-sized blisters have been observed in less than 0.1% of ADS exposures, indicating that second degree surface burns have been caused by the device.〔 The radiation burns caused are similar to microwave burns, but only on the skin surface due to the decreased penetration of shorter millimeter waves. The surface temperature of a target will continue to rise so long as the beam is applied, at a rate dictated by the target's material and distance from the transmitter, along with the beam's frequency and power level set by the operator. Most human test subjects reached their pain threshold within 3 seconds, and none could endure more than 5 seconds.〔 〕 A spokesman for the Air Force Research Laboratory described his experience as a test subject for the system: "For the first millisecond, it just felt like the skin was warming up. Then it got warmer and warmer and you felt like it was on fire.... As soon as you're away from that beam your skin returns to normal and there is no pain." Like all focused energy, the beam will irradiate all matter in the targeted area, including everything beyond/behind it that is not shielded, with no possible discrimination between individuals, objects or materials. Anyone incapable of leaving the target area (e.g., physically handicapped, infants, incapacitated, trapped, etc.) would continue to receive radiation until the operator turned off the beam. Reflective materials such as aluminium cooking foil should reflect this radiation and could be used to make clothing that would be protective against this radiation.〔(Millimetre Waves, Lasers, Acoustics for Non-Lethal Weapons? Physics Analyses and Inferences ) "Ordinary household aluminum foil of many m thickness covering all parts of the body exposed towards the antenna would provide protection; gaps where the radiation could enter would have to be avoided. To allow vision a very fine-grained mesh in front of the face would be needed (holes markedly smaller than the wavelength of 3.2 mm, that is not bigger than, say, 0.1 mm)."〕 Many human tests have been performed〔() 〕 on over 700 volunteers and including over 10,000 exposures by ADS.〔 A Penn State Human Effects Advisory Panel (HEAP) concluded that ADS is a non-lethal weapon that has a high probability of effectiveness with a low probability of injury:〔 * no significant effects for wearers of contact lenses or other eyewear (including night vision goggles) * normal skin applications, such as cosmetics, have little effect on ADSʼs interaction with skin * no age-related differences in response to ADS exposures * no effect on the male reproduction system * the limit of damage was the occurrence of pea-sized blisters in less than 0.1% of the exposures (6 of 10,000 exposures).〔 In April 2007, one airman in an ADS test was overdosed and received second-degree burns on both legs, and was treated in a hospital for two days.〔〔(Airman injured in heat-beam test ), Army Times, April 5, 2007〕 There was also one laboratory accident in 1999 that resulted in a small second-degree burn.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Active Denial System」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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